EU’S FUTURE ENLARGEMENT INTEGRATION REVIVAL OR ROAD TO PERDİTİON
By: Ahmet Ufuk Turan
Student number: 42348
Course: International Relations
Date of Submission: January 15, 2018
INTRODUCTION
Although the Second World War has left great destruction, the idea of European integration for the first time in history has provided life. There have been political and economic reasons leading to European integration. The basic stages of integration have been realized. Policies have been applied to balance the expansion of membership and the deepening of integration.
The enlargement policy is the EU's policy on the states wishing to join the Union. Founded in 1957 by six states, the European Union expanded to 28 member states as a result of six enlargement waves.
At present, there are eight states with an EU membership perspective. Of these, those who have the status of candidate country for EU membership are Turkey, Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia. Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Kosovo are potential candidate countries.
The accession of ten new countries to the EU in 2004, the reunion of Europe, which was divided by the Iron Curtain many years ago by many in the political structure of the union, was seen as the return of these countries. Two years later, Bulgaria and Romania were admitted. The general view was that these countries were not yet ready for membership. The debate about Turkey continues. The EU is in a growing financial crisis, and public opinion is increasing in the number of ministers of the EU negatively. Troubles in the union are reflected in the discussions. Some body say that they need to handle their problems before opening their doors to new members, while others say that it would be a big mistake for Unity to stop enlargement.
BODY
World War II, as in all countries participating in the war, caused great destruction in Western Europe. There was a bipolar world in the middle and a Germany divided into four among the victorious states. Acting with US support and cooperation in terms of maintaining peace in such an environment, ensuring security and economic recovery is one of the most important strategic tools. The NATO alliance established with the leadership of the United States is the most important tool in terms of security for Western Europe. The first step in integration is the resolution of the Ruhr Basin problem between France and Germany, which has always served as a locomotive in the historical process of integration. Solving this problem leads to the establishment of a supra-national authority on the production of coal and steel. Jean Monnet's supra-national plan inspired the French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman's search for a solution to the Ruhr Basin problem. The Schuman Declaration, released on 9 May 1952, allows both a solution to the problem of the soul and a solution to the German problem. The Treaty of Paris, which establishes the European Coal and Steel Community, was signed on 18 April 1951. The European Coal and Steel Community is the first European community to be established among six countries. These constituent states are the Benelux countries, consisting of Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg, as well as France, Federal Germany, and Italy. With this project, economic integration with US support becomes the first subject of the Western European agenda. Restrictions on the trade in coal and steel products in Europe have been removed among the member countries of the first community. Common customs duty applies to countries outside the Community. Thus, the European Coal and Steel Community has taken the first concrete step for European Integration. The importance of the European Coal and Steel Community for European integration lies in its exemplary integration with other institutions and the success of its corporate structure and success.
It is the precursor of today's European Union, with its unique structure, which is the synthesis of supranational and intergovernmental approaches. The success of the community increases the efforts of Western European states, which are not ready for integration in political and military matters, on the integration of economically wide-ranging and not specific options. The committee, chaired by Belgian Foreign Minister Paul Henri Spaak, prepares a report. This report, known as the Spaak Report, proposes the basic principles of a community that aims at economic integration in Western Europe. With the Treaties of Rome signed on 25 March 1957, the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community were established. A customs union agreement was signed for the common market. The goal of the Founding Countries was to ensure a comprehensive economic organization in Western Europe as well as stability in Europe. Briefly, completed one and a half years before the date stipulated in the Treaty of Rome, on 1 July 1968, and despite delays in transport and energy, the EEC has succeeded in reaching most of the targets set by the Treaty at 31 December 1969, at the end of the first implementation period, called the transition period Roma. (ekleme)
The achievements of the European Community attracted the attention of other European states, and the UK, Denmark, and Norway applied for membership in the EEC to take part in these organizations. Britain's first application was rejected by France because it was not in compliance with the Treaty of Rome. As a matter of fact, in the first decade of integration, the enlargement-consolidation debate emerged.
FIRST EXTENSION
England made its second application on 2 May 1967. At the Summit held in 1969 at The Hague, it was agreed to initiate negotiations on this issue with the UK, Ireland, Denmark, and Norway, which requested to join the Community. After two years of negotiations, the UK, Ireland, and Denmark joined the Community on 22 January 1972, the first enlargement of which took place in the Community, and the number of members rose from six to nine. In 1973, as a result of the accession of the two EFTA founding members - Britain and Denmark - to the Community, the Group reorganized its relations with the EFTA countries. Norway's Accession Treaty was rejected by a referendum in the country.
The number of full members of the communities could be prevented from deepening, because the participation of new members could be problematic in unanimous intergovernmental negotiations. On the other hand, the lack of expansion of communities would prevent Europe's full integration in political and economic terms. According to the Treaty of Rome, any state governed by a democracy could enter the EEC. However, details of the countries' participation were not resolved. Thus, the deepening-enlargement dilemma was a separate discussion and debate for the member states in the process of European integration. The crisis, which was experienced by France vetoing the UK's application for membership, ended after the resignation of President De Gaulle in 1969.
SECOND AND THIRD EXPANSION - THE SOUTH COUNTRIES ENTER THE EU
In the early 80s, the South-enlargement was realized. The countries involved in this expansion were Spain, Portugal, and Greece.
On June 8, 1959, Greece applied for a partnership with the EC. As a result of the negotiations between the two sides, Greece signed the Association Agreement with the European Communities on 9 July 1961 (the Treaty of Athens). This agreement states that Greece's ultimate goal is full membership in the EU. However, relations were frozen in 1967 due to the military coup in Greece. On 12 June 1975, he applied for a full membership to the Union. On that application, the Commission prepared a report on this issue and published this report on 29 January 1976. The report states that Greece is not eligible to join the Union due to economic problems. Despite this view, EU-Greece relations gained momentum, and accession negotiations were initiated on July 27, 1976. It was thought that the accession of Greece to the Union would positively affect the development of democracy, and the accession process was supported by the member states. As a result of the negotiations that lasted 3 years, an Accession Treaty was signed between Greece and the Community on 28 May 1979; The Treaty entered into force on 1 January 1981 after it was approved. With Greece joining the Group, the number of its members has increased to 10. Spain and Portugal submitted their first applications to the Community in 1962, but their applications were not accepted as a result of the dictatorships of both countries. This development is interesting and exemplary. Fascist administration of two of these three countries shortly before their accession (Spain, Portugal, and the other left behind the military dictatorship (Greece). They entered the process of adapting the democratic system, which was supported and accelerated by the entry into the European Community. Thus, three and the total number was twelve. (ekleme)
EU MEMBERSHIP OF NORTHERN COUNTRIES
The Community has carried out its fourth enlargement process with the Nordic countries (Austria, Sweden, Finland), which are economically more developed with Northern European countries (Austria, Sweden, Finland) and are functioning better with all democratic institutions. At the beginning of the 1970s, Norway was the first country to refuse entry into the European Community as a result of the referendum.
AFTER THE FALL OF THE BERLIN WALL
With the end of the Cold War order, the EU has primarily supported the Central and Eastern European Countries (MDAU), which gained their independence, from the planned economy to the free market economy and from the communist regime to the pluralist democracy. This problem faces the challenge of establishing a new political order and setting economic priorities. Every new member naturally took on new issues, sensitivities, and different issues that needed to be compromised. In a period of more integration and economic growth prospects, they faced the issue of enlargement. The main concern in this matter was the loss of compliance, the increase in the number of members, and the prolongation of the decision-making process. With the participation of the former East Germany in the Federal Republic, a former socialist country, which is now a part of it, became a member of the European Union. This situation gave rise to some results by setting an example for similar developments. In other words, the EU had to come out of socialism and help these countries on the path to democracy. This is the dialectical relationship problem between Deepening and Expansion, which has not been solved until now.
Since 1990, the European Union has focused on its fourth round of enlargement; in other words, it made efforts to get 12 members to the union. After 1993, he concentrated. In world politics, it became an indisputable necessity. Under these conditions, deepening was pushed back; at least it had lost its urgency.
2004 was actually Europe's success year, unlike other years. Admission of ten new members to the European Union. (The largest expansion in the history of the European Union) But these achievements did not last long, and shortly thereafter, developments in the opposite direction would manifest themselves. Participation in the elections was extremely low. France and the Netherlands voted against the European Constitution. They used. Only expansion has remained a positive element. (ekleme)
The Copenhagen Summit, which was held on 12-13 December 2002, was another important turning point in the enlargement process of the European Union. At the summit, negotiations with the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovenia, the Greek Cypriot Administration, and Malta were concluded. After the signing of the Treaty of Accession in Athens on 16 April 2003, 10 candidate countries became members of the Union on 1 May 2004.
European Union 16-17 December 2004, the political criteria for Turkey's expansion in the following areas ranked 5th, and the candidate Heads of Government in the country status Summit was sufficient, and that he should start accession negotiations on 3 October 2005. Acceptance.
FIFTH ENLARGEMENT COMPLETE
The accession negotiations with Bulgaria and Romania, which applied for EU membership in 1995, began in February 2000. Bulgaria and Romania, which were included in the 2007 enlargement wave as a continuation of the enlargement wave in 2004, became EU members on 1 January 2007, in the seventeenth year of the fall of the communist regime. Thus, the number of EU members rose to 27, and the number of official languages used in the Union rose to 23. Bulgaria and Romania, having problems with organized crime and corruption, were monitored by the European Commission through the Cooperation and Inspection Mechanism as they were members of the Union.
NEW MEMBER OF THE EU CROATIA
Croatia became the EU's 28th member on 1 July 2013. Croatia thus became the second EU member state to declare its independence following the dissolution of Yugoslavia. With the accession of Croatia, the EU has 24 official languages; The EU population has reached 508 million.
June 17, 2004, was declared the candidate countries Croatia and Turkey would start accession talks with the EU on the same date, and on October 3, 2005, accession talks began. In the process of EU integration with Croatia, problems arose due to the lack of sufficient co-operation with the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in the Hague (ICTY) and the border dispute with its EU-member Slovenia; However, on the 30th of June 2011, Croatia ended its accession negotiations with the European Union.
PROBLEMS
When the integration of Europe is considered, it is possible to mention the priority of deepening easily in the first years. The expansion process has been settled on the deepening floor in various stages and has been successfully implemented. In other words, in the first three European Communities, structures and institutions needed to come to a certain stage, to sit on solid ground, and to stabilize. However, after that, in the 70s, the North, in 2004, the East enlargement, and other enlargements followed.
It is important to draw attention to a decisive problem here: If the expansion and the deepening have not occurred simultaneously, the speed of expansion and deepening must be consistent. Otherwise, one of these principles will not keep up with the speed of the other. The European Union
The developments in the European Union in recent years show that concrete and precise developments are not a problem. These differences with regard to the future shaping of the EU are as follows: The EU will either unite under a single state or form a federation.
In this case, countries will work together, but they will hold sovereignty rights. Another option is to create a supra-state structure, in which the sovereignty of states must waive their rights. The disagreements about the establishment of this order are in the ları Draft European Constitution ası in 2004 and Autumn.
It was prominent in the Lisbon Treaty in 2007. These are the differences of opinion that are now embedded in the basis of the European System and seem difficult to integrate. The Benelux countries, Italy, and Germany supported a supra-state adjustment under one roof.
France, in particular, under the presidency of General de Gaulle, st Europe of the states of Europe derin argued that the alignment of the European Union with a flexible criterion to stop the steps to be taken in the deepening of the European Community and thus prevented expansion. The contradictions between these models have not been resolved, even in the constitutional structure of the European Union. This was one of the reasons for the debate on the formation of a single European constitution(ekleme)
EU CANDIDATE COUNTRIES
ALBANIA
Before the 2017 elections in Albania, it was stated that the necessary deficiencies in the impartiality and professionalism of the election board should be eliminated; In addition, efforts were made to combat corruption involving senior officials, to strengthen human rights protection mechanisms, to better implement legislation on freedom of expression, and to strengthen the independence of regulatory authorities and public broadcasters.
In addition to this, the Strategy Paper aims to improve the living conditions of Roma in Albania, progress in the follow-up of cases against discrimination, increase the efficiency, efficiency and transparency of the public procurement system and public finance management, and ensure urgent and decisive steps for unfounded asylum applications by Albanian citizens to EU countries. should be discarded.
MONTENEGRO
December 15, 2015. According to the results of the General Affairs Council, Montenegro is pleased with the progress made in the negotiations, but the fight against organized crime and corruption, freedom of expression and press, public administration reform and independence of democratic institutions, development of a constructive style of political parties, and good implementation of the new election legislation. and full compliance with the EU Foreign Policy.
In addition, it was emphasized that the October 2016 elections in Montenegro took place in a participatory and transparent environment, and that the institutional structure was substantially completed with the legal regulations in the area of the rule of law. Nevertheless, it is stated that the country's financial situation has worsened, and the increasing public debt ratios have led to financial instability. In this respect, it is stated that current expenditures should be reduced, tax revenues should be increased, and human resources and a competitive export industry should be developed. Moreover, Montenegro's invitation to join NATO was highlighted as an important achievement.
MACEDONIA
In the 2016 Enlargement Strategy Document, the Commission noted that the elections to be held on 11 December 2016 in Macedonia should fully implement the Przino Agreement to overcome the political divergence. is ready to start. In addition, it was emphasized that in Macedonia there should be a legal accountability and that the Parliament should establish political responsibility for illegal hearings and their contents, implement urgent reform priorities, and maintain macroeconomic balance, control the public deficit, and improve transparency and public spending.
In the Strategy Paper, it was stated that there were decisive steps for the solution of the name problem with Greece, ensuring the effective follow-up of refugees and migrants and meeting the requirements for protection, and the need to reduce the number of unfounded asylum applications that Macedonian citizens had to EU countries.
SERBIA
During the accession process of Serbia on January 21, 2014, 12 chapters were opened for negotiations, and 2 were temporarily closed. Following the elections held in April 2016, it was stated that the government adopted the EU accession process as its primary target. Moreover, it is highlighted that Serbia's accession process is expected to open more chapters in the coming period and that Serbia's progress in the negotiation process will depend on the normalization of relations with Kosovo.
Moreover, it is stated in the Strategy Document that progress in the construction of laws in the EU process of uyum, inclusiveness, transparency, the quality of the law, and the effective control of the executive must be made, and the emergency methods beyond it should be restricted, and constitutional reforms are needed in some areas within the scope of harmonization with the EU acquis. Among the other issues highlighted in the Strategy Paper, economic reforms, particularly the restructuring of state economic enterprises, resulted from Serbia's struggle with the crisis in cooperation with neighboring countries and member states, while being affected by the migration crisis.
TURKEY
The negotiation process is generally subject to interruptions. There are two reasons for this. The first is that the negotiating parties do not have the same objectives. Second, both sides also encountered significant difficulties in Turkey and in Europe in this process, which are available, and these can also occur as a result of preconceptions about the objects. Negotiations are frequently interrupted. The Cyprus issue has played an important role here. Become a member of Turkey, which plays a role in inhibitory, in particular, I would like to emphasize these two important points.
a) The continuation of the reform of the legal system, the protection of human and civic rights.
b) Development of a democratic structure. It is located in the position of the army. The economic situation in Turkey has two different faces. On the European side and in cities, there is development, and in rural and undeveloped areas.
CONLUSION
EU enlargement continues to evolve on the basis of the EU's internal dynamics, experiences from previous enlargement waves, and the specific circumstances of the countries awaiting accession to the EU. In this context, Bulgaria and Romania became members of the Union in 2007 despite the problems in the areas of corruption and organized crime, and the membership of GASC with the settlement of the Cyprus issue was decisive. In addition, after the enlargement wave in 2004 and 2007, the enlargement fatigue in the EU public opinion and the Euro Area debt crisis, which influenced the EU in 2010, have been impressive in the decline of enlargement among the EU's priorities. It can be said that all these factors complicate the conditions for joining the EU. The EU Council, which has a greater say in the enlargement policy and has generally pursued a pro-enlargement policy, has adopted special initiatives to take into account the specific situation and the challenges faced by each country. Positive Agenda for accelerating the start of negotiations with Turkey; To keep the reform acceleration alive with Macedonia, initiatives such as the High-Level Participation Dialogue and Bon are implemented in this direction. At present, the European Union, with its 28 or more 32 or 35 members, will be greatly enlarged in terms of size.
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